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Wisdom No. 4:
Optical top performance is already available for 700 Euro - beyond that, binoculars become more compact and versatile.
智慧 4
有顶级光学表现的镜子700欧就够了,价格更高的话,镜子只是在体积和重量上更小。
The top line Porros of Fujinon (e.g. 10x50 FMT-SX) and Nikon (e.g. 10x42 SE) are good enough to match the optical performance of any other high-end binocular and cost around 700 Euro. But, being of Porro type, they are somewhat heavy and bulky. Additionally, the Nikon SE is not waterproof, and the Fujinon has got uncomfortable, individually focusing oculars. None of them comes with features like twist-up eye-cups or a close focus distance of 2m. In contrast, the high-end roof prism binoculars of Zeiss, Leica and Swarovski are offering almost everything at once: Compact and lightweight body, central focuser and water resistance, but they cost significantly more without being superior (for any practical purpose) in their optical performance.
在700欧左右的富士(比如10x50 FMT-SX)和尼康(10x42 SE)顶级的保罗镜在光学表现上已经是顶级的了。不过由于是保罗结构它们体积稍大、重量稍重。除此之外SE是不放水的,而FMT的双调目镜很难用。它们也没有什么旋升眼罩或者最近对焦距离2米这样的特色。相比较而言,蔡斯、莱卡和施华的顶级屋脊镜几乎配置了所有的东西:紧凑而轻量的镜体、中调防水等。不过它们的光学表现并没有比顶级保罗有更大提高(在任何实际的层面上),可它们的价格却大大提高了。
Wisdom No. 5:
The most versatile binocular is the 8x40
智慧 5
最有用的规格是8x40
The wide range of specifications found in binoculars is confusing to the unexperienced. Most people tend to select a glass with unnecessary high magnification, e.g. 10x, thereby sacrificing angle of view and stability of image. Others believe a binocular has to provide an exit pupil as wide as possible to be usable under twilight conditions. But those glasses with 7mm exit pupil (7x50, 8x56, 9x63) usually come with an annoyingly small apparent angel of field ('tunnel view') and are, due to large objective diameters, heavy pieces of glass. When used in real life, the eye-pupils then hardly reach those 7mm, and this only for observers in their young ages, so that parts of the collected light are almost always wasted. Finally, there are ultra-light compact glasses, designed for the mobile user. But these come with small prisms and a corresponding small field of view, and their exit pupils (typically 3mm) are narrow so that these binoculars quickly become useless under dim light conditions. The best compromise is a device with around 5mm exit pupil and a magnification which allows to produce a firm and stable image under less than ideal conditions, i.e. not beyond 8x. Therefore, the 8x40 binocular appears to be the best all-around glass. Even as a wide-angle (beyond 60 degs. apparent field of view) and equipped with a proper mechanical ruggedness, these glasses weight no more than 800g, can be taken out on every trip and are reasonably suited for low light applications, too.
对于初哥而言各种规格的镜子是很让人困惑的。大部分人倾向于选择并不实用的高倍,比如10倍的镜子就牺牲的视角而且轻微的抖动都会使成像不稳定。另一些人认为镜子的出瞳直径越大越好,以便在黄昏和黎明时也能使用。但是那些有7mm出瞳直径(比如7x50, 8x56, 9x63这些规格)的镜子表观视场几乎都很小('隧道视场'),这很让人烦。而且这些大物镜的镜子,分量都是很沉。当实际使用时,瞳孔是很难有扩到7mm的机会的,这只在镜友在年轻时才会有。所以物镜所收集的光线几乎总是被浪费的。最后我要提到的是那些为外出使用而设计的超轻量级镜子。这些镜子由于使用了小的棱镜所以视场也相应的小,而且由于出瞳直径小(一般不超过3mm)所以一旦光照条件降低这些镜子很快就力不从心了。最好的折衷产品是有5mm出瞳直径并且放大倍数(比如8倍)能够能使非理想条件下的成像结实、手持稳定。因此,8x40 是可能最有用的规格。尽管视场很大(表观视场在60度以上),机械强度也合适,这类镜子的重量也不会超过800克。所以你可每次出游都带着它,而且低光照条件下也能用。
/*tunnel view*/
Wisdom No. 6:
Tests are helpful to evaluate middle class binoculars - and losing significance toward the low- and the high-end
智慧 6
测评有助于评价中档镜子,但是对于高端和低端的镜子就没那么有效了
The idea behind a test report is simple: To pre-inform somebody about strong and weak sides of a binocular he possibly never had been able to hold in his own hands. Instead, such a review was created by somebody else, including all those potential obstacles like individual experience and personal preferences. This limitation remains of little relevance as long as the binocular is imperfect enough to exhibit a sufficient number of technical faults the reviewer is then able to point on. In this case, each half-way experienced tester should come to more or less the same conclusions. Things become different once a binocular approaches a state close to perfection, like these 'beyond 1000 Euro cruisers' of Zeiss, Leica, Swarovski or Nikon's top line. It becomes increasingly difficult to discriminate their performance by technical means alone. At this point, individual preferences of the reviewer tend to become the dominating factor for the outcome of the evaluation. My suggestion is therefore: Don't waste your time reading test reports on high-end binoculars, but make sure to get one sample glass and try them out yourself. Technically, any of them will be good enough. It is left to your own decision which one is going to be your personal favorite. Another, totally different problem shows up when testing the low-end side: These binoculars are often of mediocre mechanical construction and may display a wide range of de-collimation even at the time of purchase. This is frequently the case with cheaper products made in Russia and China. The test instrument may then not represent the performance level of the series, but just a random selection, and the test result is of limited accuracy and validity.
评测的目的其实很简单:就是让那些可能无法亲手试用的镜友提前知道一只镜子的好坏。相应的,这类报告都是由别人写的,而那些潜在的缺点都是由个人经验和个人标准定出的。当某只镜子差到能够显示出足够多技术问题让测评人能指出的时候,这样的局限会使报告毫无参考价值。在这样的情况下,每一个经验不是特别老道的测评人得出的结论大体上都是相同的。但是当一只镜子已经接近完美时,比如达到那些超过1000欧的莱卡、蔡斯、施华还有尼康的顶级镜时,测评就比较困难了。你很难只从技术的角度来区分它们的光学表现。就这一点而言,每个独立的评测人都容易让自己的感受主导整个测评。我的建议是:不用浪费时间去读关于高端镜子的测评,直接去找个样品去亲自试一下。在技术层面上,任何一个镜子都足够的好。所以你只要按自己的喜好去买就行了。另一个完全不同性质问题是关于低端镜子的。这类镜子的机械性能普通而且个体差异很大。通常这些镜子都是俄国和中国生产的。而参检的镜子并不能代表这种镜子的整体水平,而只是一个独立个体的表现。所以频测得结果准确性和有效性很有限。
/*Instead, such a review was created by somebody else, including all those potential obstacles like individual experience and personal preferences.*/
Wisdom No. 7:
Large objectives deliver more light, not resolution
智慧 7
大物镜只是汇聚更多的光,而不是提高分辨率
The power of any hand held binocular is low enough to ensure its theoretical resolution limit being far beyond whatever could be resolved by the human eye. In this regime, resolution solely depends on magnification, not on objective size. A switch from 10x30 to 10x50 has therefore no effect on resolution at all. However, the light input is increased, and this may, depending on viewing conditions, lead to improved contrast and thereby to images with additional fine details. Quite generally, one may claim the performance of hand held binoculars (of a given power) being contrast-limited, not resolution-limited. Many other factors, including stray light protection, suppression of reflexes by optical surface coating, reduction of residual aberrations and even the choice of the image's overall color tone are of crucial influence on the level of contrast. This is one reason why quality binoculars show actually more within a wider range of light situations than cheaper binoculars (another reason is related to their superior mechanics and, along with that, a higher level of collimation). It is not only size that matters.
手持望远镜的实际分辨率远小于它的理论值,而人眼也无法达到那种程度。在这种情况下,分辨率仅取决于放大倍数,而不是物镜的尺寸。所以10x30到10x50的规格变化并不能提高分辨率。但是这样会使光线汇聚更多,在某些场合会提高成像对比度,并且会使成像的细节更多。笼统的讲就是手持望远镜在倍数确定后,只是对比度受限而不是分辨率受限。当然还有其它因素影响,包括消光装置——抑制光学部件表面镀膜的反光,减少剩余色差甚至对镜子整体成像色调的选择都会对于镜子的对比度有重要的影响!这就是好镜子比差镜子在更广光照条件下表现更好的一个原因(另外一个原因是好镜子的机械性能优越,因此调较得更好)。所以成像好坏并不只是物镜尺寸大小那么简单。
Wisdom No. 8:
Medium range binoculars deliver a reasonable performance-to-price ratio
智慧 8
中档镜子有很好的性价比
The graphic displays approximate price and relative performance of several 8x30 (8x32) binoculars. It is not to be taken too serious, since obviously there cannot exist any single variable that stands for 'performance'. Still, it helps to demonstrate one fundamental property of the market: Quite generally, performance increases with price, but the gain is slowing down towards the high end sector. Starting with the 50 $ range (there exist cheaper glasses, but see Wisdom No. 1) we are able to find binoculars of already decent quality. For example, the BPC is a somewhat crude, but successful attempt to copy the CZJ Deltrintem. The original is better, but at least twice as expensive, second hand. The medium range starts at about 200 $, where reasonable optical performance is often paired with water resistance and an improved level of ruggedness. Between 200 $ and 600 $, the performance gain is considerable and cannot be repeated, even after adding additional 800 $ for a Zeiss FL. This is the reason why medium range binoculars play an important role in the market. They are driving performance up to a level where differences to the top class become negligible in the majority of viewing situations, while keeping the price on a moderate level.
这张图大致标出了一些8x30 (8x32)镜子的性价比。It is not to be taken too serious, since obviously there cannot exist any single variable that stands for 'performance'.(这句翻译不好)当然,这张图有助于展示市场的基本属性:大体上性能是随着价格上涨的,但是增长率是在不断减少的。首先从50欧左右的开始(其实还有更便宜的,不过建议您再看一下智慧1),我们还是可以找到一些质量还可以的镜子的。比如全7就是一只做工稍粗糙,但是还是很好的继承了蔡8的镜子/*本人对此深表怀疑,至少那个目镜绝对是原创*/。蔡8当然更好,不过二手的价格就至少超过全7的两倍了。中档镜子从200欧开始,光学性能都不错而且经常是防水的,耐用性也上了一个档次。在200到600欧之间的镜子在光学性能上的提升是很可观的。而且像这样的光学提升程度是无法再现的,即便你再加800欧买下蔡斯FL(/*那也不会比600欧的镜子光学性能翻番*/)。这就是中档镜子在市场中占有重要位置的原因。这些镜子可以达到高端镜子的大部分性能(在一些细小的方还是有差距的),而价格还是可以承受的。
/*It is not to be taken too serious, since obviously there cannot exist any single variable that stands for 'performance'.*/
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-10-25 22:11:30编辑过]
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